Merge branch 'master' of https://git.frank-ebner.de/toni/IPIN2016
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This technical description gives a short overview of the indoor localisation and navigation system developed at the University of Applied Sciences W\"urzburg-Schweinfurt and the University of Siegen, Germany.
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A highly modular system fusing different sensors, namely Wi-Fi, iBeacons, barometer, step- and turn-detection, will be shown.
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Additionally, extended knowledge provided by prior and past data is incorporate by natural walking paths and smoothing.
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The system performs all calculations in real time on a commercial smartphone using a high number of particles.
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\commentByFrank{particles? haben wir das hier schon eingefuehrt?}
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The system performs all calculations in real time on a commercial smartphone using a high number of samples for approximation.
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\end{abstract}
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%\begin{IEEEkeywords} indoor positioning, Monte Carlo smoothing, particle smoothing, sequential Monte Carlo\end{IEEEkeywords}
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\subsection{Barometer}
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If available, the Smartphone's barometer is used to infer the likeliness of the current $z$-location.
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If available, the smartphone's barometer is used to infer the likeliness of the current $z$-location.
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%
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As ambient pressure readings are highly influenced by environmental conditions
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like the weather, time-of-day and others \cite{Muralidharan14-BPS},
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@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ By assuming statistical independence of all sensors, the probability density of
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\docIBeacon{}s and by $p(\vec{o}_t \mid \vec{q}_t)_\text{wifi}$ for \docWIFI{}.
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Compared to other state-of-the-art systems, step- and turn-detection are not incorporated into the evaluation step.
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In our approach it stabilizes and improves the sampling of states $\vec{q}$ into moving more realistically. The transition step is the carried out using random walks on a graph, which is built offline, and uses the building's floorplan \cite{ebner-16}.
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In our approach it stabilizes and improves the sampling of states $\vec{q}$ into moving more realistically. The transition step is then carried out using random walks on a graph, which is built offline, and uses the building's floorplan \cite{ebner-16}.
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\input{chapters/barometer.tex}
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@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@ The navigation system is based on our previous works, primarily on the approach
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For this, we have been awarded the best overall paper award at IPIN 2015 in Banff, Canada.
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Since then, we extended our approach by prior navigation knowledge using realistic human walking paths \cite{ebner-16} and smoothing methods \cite{fetzer-16}.
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Additionally, a self-developed map editor allows for creating advanced 3D maps and realistically shaped stairs.
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Compared to many other systems, we avoid any time-consuming fingerprinting and calibration processes and are able to start with a uniform distribution over the whole building.
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\commentByFrank{= we do not need any prior information on the pedestrian's starting position}
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Compared to many other systems, we avoid any time-consuming fingerprinting and calibration processes.
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Further, we do not need any prior information on the pedestrian's starting position.
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All calculations are computed in real time on a commercial smartphone, in most of our examples this is the Motorola Nexus 6 or the Samsung Galaxy S5.
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The system is implemented in C++ using the Qt framework and OpenCL.
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\commentByFrank{aktuell noch kein OpenCL leider}
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The system is implemented in C++ using the Qt framework.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Starting uniformly distributed, the median error for all conducted walks are lis
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Additionally performing a smoothing step, would further improve the results and reduces temporal errors, as shown in \cite{fetzer-16}.
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%
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\begin{table}[h]
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\caption{Median error for all conducted walks. \commentByFrank{without smoothing?}}
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\caption{Median error for all conducted walks without smoothing. }
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\label{tbl:errNexus}
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\centering
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\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
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@@ -29,4 +29,3 @@ Additionally performing a smoothing step, would further improve the results and
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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@@ -1574,7 +1574,7 @@ doi={10.1109/ICCKE.2013.6682841},}
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@inproceedings{Muralidharan14-BPS,
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author = {Muralidharan, Kartik and Khan, Azeem Javed and Misra, Archan and Balan, Rajesh Krishna and Agarwal, Sharad},
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title = {Barometric Phone Sensors: More Hype Than Hope!},
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title = {{Barometric Phone Sensors: More Hype Than Hope!}},
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booktitle = {Proc. of the 15th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications},
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year = {2014},
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isbn = {978-1-4503-2742-8},
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