shortend
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@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use signal strength prediction models like the log-distance or wall-attenuation-
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Additionally, the sensors noise is not always Gaussian or satisfies the central limit theorem. Using
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Kalman filters is therefore problematic \cite{sarkka2013bayesian, Nurminen2014}.
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All this shows, that sensor models differ in many ways and are a subject in itself.
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A good discussion on different sensor models can be found in \cite{Yang2015}, \cite{Gu2009} or \cite{Khaleghi2013}.
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A good discussion on different sensor models can be found in \cite{Yang2015} or \cite{Khaleghi2013}.
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However, within this work, we use simple models, configured using a handful of empirically chosen parameters and
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address their inaccuracies by harnessing prior information like the pedestrian's desired destination. Therefore,
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@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ on the state transition and how to incorporate environmental and navigational kn
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A widely used and easy method for modelling the movement of a pedestrian, is the prediction of a new position
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using both, a walking direction and a to-be-walked distance, starting from the previous position.
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If the line-of-sight between the new and the old position intersects a wall, the probability for this
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transition is set to zero \cite{Woodman08-PLF, Blanchert09-IFF, Koeping14-ILU}.
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transition is set to zero \cite{Blanchert09-IFF, Koeping14-ILU}.
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However, as \cite{Nurminen13-PSI} already stated, it "gives more probability to a short step".
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An additional drawback of these approaches is that for every transition an intersection-test
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must be executed and thus often yields a high computational complexity.
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@@ -34,15 +34,12 @@ It represents the topological skeleton of the building's floorplan as an irregul
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This drastically removes degrees of freedom from the map, and results in a low complexity.
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In the work of \cite{Nurminen2014} a Voronoi diagram is used to approximate the human movement.
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It is assumed that the pedestrian can be anywhere on the topological links.
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It is assumed that the user can be anywhere on the topological links.
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The probabilities of changing to the next link are proportional to the total link lengths.
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However, for highly accurate localisation in large-scale buildings, this network of one-dimensional
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curves is not suitable \cite{Afyouni2012}.
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Therefore, \cite{Hilsenbeck2014} searches for large open spaces (e.g. a lobby) and extends the Voronoi diagram
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by adding those two-dimensional areas.
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The final graph is then created by sampling nodes in regular intervals across the links and filling up the open
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spaces in a tessellated manner. Similar to \cite{Ebner-15}, they provide a state transition model that selects
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an edge and a node from the graph according to a sampled distance and heading.
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However, for accurate localisation in large-scale buildings, this network of one-dimensional curves is not suitable \cite{Afyouni2012}.
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Therefore, \cite{Hilsenbeck2014} searches for large open spaces (e.g. a lobby) and extends the Voronoi diagram by adding those two-dimensional areas.
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The final graph is then created by sampling nodes in regular intervals across the links and filling up the open spaces in a tessellated manner.
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Similar to \cite{Ebner-15}, they provide a transition model that selects an edge and a node from the graph according to a sampled distance and heading.
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Nevertheless, most corridors are still represented by just one topological link.
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While the complexity is reduced, it does not allow arbitrary movements and leads to suboptimal trajectories.
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@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ An additional smoothing procedure is performed to make the path more natural.
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They are considering foot span, body dimensions and obstacle dimensions when determining whether an obstacle is surmountable.
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However, many of this information is difficult to ascertain in real-time or imply additional effort in real-world environments.
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Therefore, more realistic simulation models, mainly for evacuation simulation, are just using a simple shortest path on regularly
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tessellated graphs \cite{Sun2011, tan2014agent}. A more costly, yet promising approach is shown by \cite{Brogan2003}. They use a
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tessellated graphs \cite{tan2014agent}. A more costly, yet promising approach is shown by \cite{Brogan2003}. They use a
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data set of previously recorded walks to create a model of realistic human walking paths.
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Finally, it seems that currently none of the localisation system approaches are using realistic walking paths as additional
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