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@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ Assuming that the signal propagates constantly at the speed of light the distanc
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%TODO ToF -> distance ToF/2 * c
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%TODO IEEE 802.11-2016 6.3.58.1
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The accuracy of distance estimate depends on the ability of the hardware to detect the line-of-sight signal, or direct path.
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In an indoor environment it is very common that a signal will reach the receiver from different paths with different lengths.
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The prime example is a signal which reaches the receiver via a direct line-of-sight propagation plus two reflected paths of the same length.
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@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ Hence, the time resolution is proportional to the inverse of the bandwidth.
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In \ieeWifiN the channel bandwidth is \SI{20}{Mhz} in the \SI{2.4}{GHz} range which results in a sampling rate of one sample every \SI{50}{ns}, or one sample every \SI{12.5}{ns} for \SI{80}{Mhz} channels in the \ieeWifiAC \SI{5}{GHz} range.
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Assuming that the receiver recognizes the signal at the first sample of the preamble the smallest possible resolution of the range estimate is \SI{15}{m} for \SI{20}{Mhz} bandwidth, and \SI{3.74}{m} for \SI{80}{Mhz}.
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To allow much finer resolution the receiver uses super resolution methods to allow sub-sample resolution \cite{TODO}.
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%TODO genaue implementierung unbekannt und daher black box
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%Therefore, time-based distance estimates can greatly differ from the ideal euclidean distance.
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In addition to distance measurements the \ieeWifiFTM standard defines a format to transfer location information about the responder.
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@@ -2,35 +2,116 @@
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\subsection{Setup and Environment}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Pixel 2XL Android P liefert RSSI und FTM
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\item 4 Intel NUCS mit selbstgebauten Antennen (Auf Ibrahim verweisen aber auch genau erläutern, eventl mit Bild)
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\item Gebäude erläutern. Bürogebäude in Industriegebiet. Holzhaus. Gebäude war Leer um eine optimale menschenleere Umgebung zu schaffen. Größe XxX. -> Bild mit AP Positionen (gerne von unten linken wo ergebnisse drauf sind, spart platz)
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\item FH Gebäude erläutern. -> Bild mit AP Positionen (gerne von unten linken wo ergebnisse drauf sind, spart platz)
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\item Zweites Gebäude weil: Verhält es sich in einem anderen Gebäude genauso? Also AP's ähnlich positionieren, aber andere umgebung (wände, räume usw.).
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\item Position wurde auf einem Stockwerk geschätzt, also nur 2D.
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\item Nuc steht auf einem Tisch
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\item die messungen kommen immer gleichzeitig von ftm und rssi. dadurch ist die sampelrate die gleiche und wir können besser vergleichen
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\end{itemize}
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%\begin{itemize}
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% \item Pixel 2XL Android P liefert RSSI und FTM
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% \item 4 Intel NUCS mit selbstgebauten Antennen (Auf Ibrahim verweisen aber auch genau erläutern, eventl mit Bild)
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% \item Gebäude erläutern. Bürogebäude in Industriegebiet. Holzhaus. Gebäude war Leer um eine optimale menschenleere Umgebung zu schaffen. Größe XxX. -> Bild mit AP Positionen (gerne von unten linken wo ergebnisse drauf sind, spart platz)
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% \item FH Gebäude erläutern. -> Bild mit AP Positionen (gerne von unten linken wo ergebnisse drauf sind, spart platz)
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% \item Zweites Gebäude weil: Verhält es sich in einem anderen Gebäude genauso? Also AP's ähnlich positionieren, aber andere umgebung (wände, räume usw.).
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% \item Position wurde auf einem Stockwerk geschätzt, also nur 2D.
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% \item Nuc steht auf einem Tisch
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% \item die messungen kommen immer gleichzeitig von ftm und rssi. dadurch ist die sampelrate die gleiche und wir können besser vergleichen
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%\end{itemize}
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%
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%
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%Mapping zwischen AP-MAC und Position ist gegeben.
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%In Android Q könnte man LCI am Ap hinterlegen um die AP-Pos dynamisch zu erfragen.
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%Praktische Einschräkungen: Da Wifi Scans nur selten möglich sind, können neue FTM APs nicht leicht erkannt werden.
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%AUßerdem muss per Reflection ScanResults für bereits bekannte APs MAC erzeugt werden.
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%Für eine parktische Anwendung wäre es nochtwenig, dass neue APs automatisch on the fly erkannt werden können.
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In all our experiments we used a Google Pixel 2 XL and Google Pixel 3a smartphone, both running Android~9.
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Google introduced official ranging APIs based on FTM for supported devices with Android~9.
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Also starting with Android~9, Google limited the number of network scans to four every two minutes.
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This limitation renders the commonly used network scanning API practical useless for measuring RSSI values for localization purposes.
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However, the new FTM ranging API has no rate limit.
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Additionally, the new FTM API also provides RSSI values, thus with each measurement the signal strength and distance to one AP can be simultaneously obtained.
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In our experiments every \SI{200}{ms} a FTM measurement to every known access point is queried.
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The list of access points is statically stored in the application and known beforehand.
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With Android~10 it is possible to transfer the AP position dynamically using the location configuration information protocol.
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In some cases we noticed that Android did not provide FTM measurements for intervals about three up to five seconds long for unknown reasons, although multiple APs were clearly in reach.
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Due to the rarity of this problem we decided to repeat these faulty experiment runs.
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% TODO welche Daten liefert Android. Wie die konkret gemessene Distanz entshtet ist nicht bekannt. Android teilt mit wieviele FTM Messungen erfolgreich waren z.b. 7/8. etc.
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% TODO Linux kernel version; intel firmware version
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The access points are Intel NUCs running a patched Linux to enable FTM support.
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In total we're using eight APs based on Intel WiFi cards.
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Four of them are based on Intel Dualband-Wireless-AC 8260 cards and configured as described by \etal{Ibrahim} \cite{ibrahim2018verification}.
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The remaining four are based on Intel Wireless-AC 9462 modules and run a recent Linux kernel where the iwlwifi driver and hostapd are already prepared to support FTM.
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However, the driver still requires small manual changes, as a global boolean flag needs to be set to activate the FTM related code.
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In addition, the firmware of the card returns that the chip is not calibrated for FTM.
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As a consequence the driver disables FTM responder functionality.
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Overriding this check however, allows to use the chip as responder and FTM measurements can be performed reliable.
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At this point it is not clear to us what the exact purpose of the flag is.
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Due to regulatory limitations both wireless cards can only be configured as access points in the \SI{2.4}{GHz} frequency band.
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To improve the signal quality and strength we connected two external consumer grade omni directional antennas to the wireless cards and attached them to the case of the Intel NUC.
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The antennas have an antenna gain of \SI{2}{dBi} as specified by the manufacturer.
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We used a \SI{10}{cm} coaxial cable to connect the antennas to the cards, which is practically the shortest cable possible.
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All experiments were done in our university building.
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The before mentioned Intel NUCs were deployed, because the existing WiFi infrastructure does not support the FTM protocol.
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While the positions of the access points where chosen with localization in mind, the actual positions mimic the placement of access points for network infrastructure.
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In contrast to regular stationary access points which are usually mounted on walls or ceilings, our Intel NUCs were placed on tables for practical reasons.
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Mapping zwischen AP-MAC und Position ist gegeben.
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In Android Q könnte man LCI am Ap hinterlegen um die AP-Pos dynamisch zu erfragen.
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Praktische Einschräkungen: Da Wifi Scans nur selten möglich sind, können neue FTM APs nicht leicht erkannt werden.
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AUßerdem muss per Reflection ScanResults für bereits bekannte APs MAC erzeugt werden.
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Für eine parktische Anwendung wäre es nochtwenig, dass neue APs automatisch on the fly erkannt werden können.
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\subsection{Ftm range meas performance}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item AP position strategy
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\item DoP plot
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\item wieviel APs sichtbar sind, wie kommen die Ranges, welche Parameter machen was und bedeuten was
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\item Einfluss der Wände; warum starke Abschwächungen
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\item Welche Platzierung wäre besser; Warum nicht möglich?
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\item Daher Proabilistic Ansatz weil viele Messungen fehlen oder stark schwanken
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\item Mehr APs bringen was?
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\item Bildergrid und Video
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\end{itemize}
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%\begin{itemize}
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% \item AP position strategy
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% \item DoP plot
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% \item wieviel APs sichtbar sind, wie kommen die Ranges, welche Parameter machen was und bedeuten was
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% \item Einfluss der Wände; warum starke Abschwächungen
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% \item Welche Platzierung wäre besser; Warum nicht möglich?
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% \item Daher Proabilistic Ansatz weil viele Messungen fehlen oder stark schwanken
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% \item Mehr APs bringen was?
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% \item Bildergrid und Video
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%\end{itemize}
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The first experiment evaluates the precision of FTM distance measurements given different hardware configurations.
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While \etal{Ibrahim} already verified the precision of the Intel AC 8260 card in great detail, our setup differs from theirs and requires anew evaluation.
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In contrast to \etal{Ibrahim} we use smartphones as receivers and two different cards with different firmware versions as senders.
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Additionally, it is unclear how the external antennas affect the measurements.
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For these reasons we did a static distance measurement experimental setup to confirm that the combination of Pixel devices and Intel cards provide reliable values.
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Our test setup consist of 10 measurement points evenly spaced on a straight line with a distance of \SI{2}{m}.
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The closest point to the AP is \SI{2}{m} away and the furthest \SI{20}{m}.
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At every point each phone is placed on a stand and around 140 FTM measurements are recorded, which corresponds to a measure period of \SI{30}{s} per point.
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The APs and the phones are placed on an empty cardboard box on a metal stand to allow some distance between the metal and the phone.
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Both the APs and the phones are located at \SI{1.05}{m} above the floor.
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While recording measurements for \SI{30}{s} at a single point is not realistic in a dynamic positioning system, it allows to evaluate the statistical properties of the method.
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Each distance measurement is done with every hardware combination.
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On the receiving side we used the Google Pixel 2 XL and Pixel 3a.
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On the sending side we used the Intel AC 8260 and 9462 with internal or external \SI{2}{dBi} antennas.
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The geometry and properties of the internal antenna are unknown.
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% TODO Table mit mean dist err, median dist err und mean RSSI
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% Erkenntnis 1: 9462 bessere schätzung, weniger Messungen die zu kurz sind; 8260 viele Messungen bei <16m sind zu kurz; Zusammenhang mit 15m wegen Sampling Rate?
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% Erkenntnis 2: Unterschied der Antennen bei RSSI minimal langweilig;
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% Erkenntnis 3: Antenne vs FTM: Keine Aussage möglich
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% Erkenntnis 4: Unterschied zwischen Pixel 2 und 3 ist nicht erkennbar
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{DistMeasMean.png}
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\caption{Mean distance}
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\end{minipage}
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\begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{DistMeasCDF.png}
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\caption{Dist. Meas CDF}
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\end{minipage}
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\end{figure}
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\subsection{Localization performance}
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\begin{itemize}
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